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Approach Might Be Most Effective in Counseling Family, Feminist or Transpersonal

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Psychological perspective

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that arose in the mid-20th century in answer to two theories: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner'southward behaviorism.[1] Thus it was referred to as the "third strength" in psychology. The school of thought of humanistic psychology gained traction due to key figure Abraham Maslow in the 1950s during the time of the humanistic movement. It was made popular in the 1950s past the process of realizing and expressing one's own capabilities and creativity.

Humanistic psychology helps the client gain the belief that all people are inherently proficient.[2] It adopts a holistic approach to human being and pays special attention to such phenomena as inventiveness, free will, and positive homo potential. It encourages viewing ourselves equally a "whole person" greater than the sum of our parts and encourages self exploration rather than the written report of behavior in other people. Humanistic psychology acknowledges spiritual aspiration as an integral part of the psyche. It is linked to the emerging field of transpersonal psychology.[3] [4]

Primarily, this blazon of therapy encourages a self-awareness and mindfulness that helps the customer change their state of mind and behaviour from one prepare of reactions to a healthier one with more than productive self-awareness and thoughtful deportment. Essentially, this approach allows the merging of mindfulness and behavioral therapy, with positive social support.

In an article from the Association for Humanistic Psychology, the benefits of humanistic therapy are described every bit having a "crucial opportunity to pb our troubled culture back to its own salubrious path. More than any other therapy, Humanistic-Existential therapy models republic. It imposes ideologies of others upon the client less than other therapeutic practices. Freedom to choose is maximized. We validate our clients' human potential."[2]

In the 20th century, humanistic psychology was referred to as the "third force" in psychology, distinct from before, less humanistic approaches of psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

Its chief professional organizations in the US are the Association for Humanistic Psychology and the Society for Humanistic Psychology (Sectionalization 32 of the American Psychological Clan). In U.k., there is the UK Clan for Humanistic Psychology Practitioners.

How Humanistic Theory Differs from Freud and Skinner'south Theories [edit]

To understand the key message of Maslow's humanistic theory (the base of humanistic psychology) it is important to sympathize how Maslow first came to that theory. It was through disagreeing with the predominant theories at the time, developed by Freud and Skinner, Maslow was able to place the main points of humanistic theory, the basis of humanistic psychology.

To put it concisely Maslow had the post-obit criticisms with the two master theories at the time:

a. Maslow felt that Freud's theory was rather deterministic meaning that it credited the behavior of people is due to unconscious desires.[five]

b. Maslow felt that Freud and Skinner'due south theories focused on individuals with mental conflicts (pathological) rather than all individuals.

c. Maslow felt that the other 2 theories focused too much on the negative traits of human beings rather than focusing on the positive power he believed individuals to have.

In contrast, when Maslow developed his theory he decided to focus on the conscious (rather than the unconscious) and decided to develop a theory to explicate how all individuals could accomplish their highest potential.

Origins [edit]

One of humanistic psychology'south early sources was the work of Carl Rogers, who was strongly influenced by Otto Rank, who broke with Freud in the mid-1920s. Rogers' focus was to ensure that the developmental processes led to healthier, if not more than creative, personality functioning. The term 'actualizing tendency' was also coined by Rogers, and was a concept that eventually led Abraham Maslow to study self-actualization as one of the needs of humans.[six] [7] Rogers and Maslow introduced this positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis.[eight] [9]

The other sources of inspiration include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology.

Conceptual origins [edit]

Line drawing of Carl Rogers's head

Carl Rogers (1902–1987), one of the founders of humanistic psychology.

Whilst origins of humanistic psychology date back to the early on 1960s, the origins of humanism engagement back to the classical civilizations of China, Greece, and Rome, whose values were renewed in the European Renaissance.[10] The modernistic humanistic approach has its roots in phenomenological and existentialist thought[xi] (run across Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and Sartre). Eastern philosophy and psychology also play a central role in humanistic psychology, also as Judeo-Christian philosophies of personalism, every bit each shares similar concerns about the nature of human being beingness and consciousness.[4] For farther information on influential figures in personalism, run across: Emmanuel Mounier, Gabriel Marcel, Denis de Rougemont, Jacques Maritain, Martin Buber, Emmanuel Levinas, Max Scheler and Karol Wojtyla.

Equally behaviorism grew out of Ivan Pavlov's piece of work with the conditioned reflex, and laid the foundations for academic psychology in the United States associated with the names of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner; Abraham Maslow gave behaviorism the name "the first force", a force which systematically excluded the subjective data of consciousness and much data bearing on the complexity of the human personality and its development. Behavioral theory continued to develop to both business relationship for simple and complex human beliefs through theorists such as Arthur Staats,[12] Stephen Hayes,[thirteen] and other mail service-Skinnerian researchers. Clinical behavioral analysis continues to be widely employed in anxiety disorder treatments,[14] mood disorders, and fifty-fifty personality disorders.[15]

The "2d force" arose out of Freudian psychoanalysis, which were composed past psychologists like Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Melanie Klein, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Sigmund Freud himself.[16] Maslow then emphasized the necessity of a "third force" (even though he didn't use the term), saying that "it is as if Freud supplied us the ill one-half of psychology and we must at present fill it out with the salubrious half",[17] every bit a disquisitional review towards the cold and distant arroyo of the psychoanalysis and its deterministic way of viewing the human being beingness.

In the late 1930s, psychologists, interested in the uniquely man issues, such as the self, self-appearing, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, existence, becoming, individuality, and pregnant—that is, a concrete understanding of man being—included Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Clark Moustakas, who were interested in founding a professional clan dedicated to a psychology focused on these features of man capital demanded by post-industrial society.

The humanistic psychology perspective is summarized by five core principles or postulates of humanistic psychology offset articulated in an commodity written by James Bugental in 1964[xviii] and adapted past Tom Greening,[19] psychologist and long-fourth dimension editor of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology.[20] The v basic principles of humanistic psychology are:

  1. Man beings, as man, supplant the sum of their parts. They cannot be reduced to components.
  2. Homo beings have their existence in a uniquely human being context, as well as in a cosmic ecology.
  3. Human beings are enlightened and are aware of being aware—i.e., they are conscious. Homo consciousness always includes an awareness of oneself in the context of other people.
  4. Human beings have the ability to make choices and therefore take responsibleness.
  5. Human beings are intentional, aim at goals, are aware that they crusade future events, and seek meaning, value, and inventiveness.

While humanistic psychology is a specific division within the American Psychological Association (Division 32),[21] humanistic psychology is not and then much a discipline inside psychology as a perspective on the man status that informs psychological research and practise.

Practical origins [edit]

WWII created practical pressures on military psychologists, they had more patients to run across and care for than time or resource permitted. The origins of group therapy are here.[22] Eric Berne's progression of books shows this transition out of what we might call businesslike psychology of WWII into his later innovation, Transactional Analysis,[23] ane of the most influential forms of humanistic Popular Psychology of the later on 1960s-1970. Even though transactional analysis was considered a unique methodology, it was challenged after Berne'southward expiry.

Orientation to scientific research [edit]

Humanistic psychologists generally do non believe that we volition sympathise human being consciousness and behavior through mainstream scientific research.[24] The objection that humanistic psychologists have to traditional research methods is that they are derived from and suited for the physical sciences[25] and not specially advisable to studying the complexities and nuances of human pregnant-making.[26] [27] [28]

Notwithstanding, humanistic psychology has involved scientific research of human being behavior since its inception. For example:

  • Abraham Maslow proposed many of his theories of human growth in the class of testable hypotheses,[29] [30] [31] and he encouraged scientists to put them to the test.
  • Shortly later on the founding of the American Association of Humanistic Psychology, its president, psychologist Sidney Jourard, began his column by declaring that "research" is a priority. "Humanistic Psychology will exist best served if information technology is undergirded with inquiry that seeks to throw calorie-free on the qualities of human that are uniquely human" (emphasis added)[32]
  • In May 1966, the AAHP release a newsletter editorial that confirmed the humanistic psychologist's "fidelity to meaningfulness in the selection of problems for study and of research procedures, and an opposition to a main emphasis on objectivity at the expense of significance."[33] This underscored the importance of research to humanistic psychologists as well as their interest in special forms of human scientific discipline investigation.
  • Likewise, in 1980, the American Psychological Clan's publication for humanistic psychology (Division 32 of APA) ran an article titled, What makes enquiry humanistic? [34] As Donald Polkinghorne notes, "Humanistic theory does non propose that human action is completely independent of the environment or the mechanical and organic orders of the body, simply it does suggest that, inside the limits of experienced meanings, persons every bit unities can choose to human action in ways non adamant past prior events...and this is the theory we seek to test through our research" (p. three).

A human science view is not opposed to quantitative methods, but, following Edmund Husserl:

  1. favors letting the methods be derived from the subject matter and not uncritically adopting the methods of natural science,[35] and
  2. advocates for methodological pluralism. Consequently, much of the subject matter of psychology lends itself to qualitative approaches (e.chiliad. the lived experience of grief), and quantitative methods are mainly appropriate when something tin exist counted without leveling the phenomena (e.g. the length of time spent crying).

Research has remained part of the humanistic psychology agenda, though with more than of a holistic than reductionistic focus. Specific humanistic research methods evolved in the decades post-obit the germination of the humanistic psychology movement.[36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]

Development of the field [edit]

The Saybrook Conference [edit]

In November 1964 key figures in the movement gathered at Old Saybrook (CT) for the first invitational conference on Humanistic psychology.[46] [47] [four] [48] The meeting was a co-operation betwixt the Clan for Humanistic Psychology (AHP), which sponsored the briefing, the Hazen Foundation, which provided financing, and Wesleyan University, which hosted the meeting. In improver to the founding figures of Humanistic psychology; Abraham Maslow, Rollo May, James Bugental and Carl Rogers, the coming together attracted several academic profiles from the humanistic disciplines, including: Gordon Allport, George Kelly, Clark Moustakas, Gardner Spud, Henry Murray, Robert W. White, Charlotte Bühler, Floyd Matson, Jacques Barzun, and René Dubos.[46] [4] Robert Knapp was chairman[4] and Henry Murray gave the keynote address.[48]

Among the intentions of the participants was to formulate a new vision for psychology that, in their view, took into consideration a more complete paradigm of the person than the paradigm presented by the electric current trends of Behaviorism and Freudian psychology.[46] Co-ordinate to Aanstoos, Serlin & Greening[4] the participants took outcome with the positivistic trend in mainstream psychology at the time. The conference has been described every bit a historic event that was important for the academic condition of Humanistic psychology[47] and its hereafter aspirations.[48]

Major Theorists [five] [edit]

Several cardinal theorists have been considered to take prepared the ground for Humanistic Psychology. These theorists are Otto Rank, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and Rollo May. This sections provides a curt-handed summary of what each individual's contributions for the theory.

Abraham Maslow: In regards to humanistic theory, Maslow adult the Hierarchy of Needs. This is a pyramid which basically states that individuals first must take their physiological needs met, then prophylactic needs met, then love, then self-esteem and and so lastly self-actualization. Cocky-Actualizing people are self-aware, caring, wise and interests are problem centered. He theorized that self-actualizing people are continuously striving, thinking broadly and focusing on broader problems. He also believed however, that only one% of people actually accomplished cocky-appearing.[49]

Carl Rogers: Rogers built upon Maslow's theory and argued that the process of self-actualization is nurtured in a growth promoting climate. Ii weather condition are required in order for a climate to exist a self-actualizing growth promoting climate: 1. the individual must exist able to be his or her 18-carat self and two. as the individual expresses his or her truthful self, he or she must exist accepted by others.

Counseling and therapy [edit]

Pyramid diagram illustrating Maslow's theory of needs

The aim of humanistic therapy is usually to help the client develop a stronger and healthier sense of self, also called self-actualization.[4] [50] Humanistic therapy attempts to teach clients that they accept potential for self-fulfillment. This type of therapy is insight-based, significant that the therapist attempts to provide the client with insights most their inner conflicts.[51]

Approaches [edit]

Humanistic psychology includes several approaches to counseling and therapy. Amongst the earliest approaches we find the developmental theory of Abraham Maslow, emphasizing a hierarchy of needs and motivations; the existential psychology of Rollo May acknowledging human option and the tragic aspects of man existence; and the person-centered or client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers, which is centered on the client'south capacity for self-direction and understanding of his or her own development.[50] Client-centered therapy is non-directive; the therapist listens to the client without sentence, assuasive the client to come to insights past themselves.[51] The therapist should ensure that all of the customer's feelings are being considered and that the therapist has a business firm grasp on the concerns of the client while ensuring that there is an air of acceptance and warmth.[6] Client-centered therapist engages in active listening during therapy sessions.[51]

A therapist cannot exist completely not-directive; however, a nonjudgmental, accepting environs that provides unconditional positive regard will encourage feelings of credence and value.[51]

Existential psychotherapies, an application of humanistic psychology, applies existential philosophy, which emphasizes the idea that humans have the freedom to make sense of their lives. They are gratuitous to define themselves and do whatever it is they want to practice. This is a blazon of humanistic therapy that forces the customer to explore the meaning of their life, as well as its purpose. There is a conflict between having freedoms and having limitations. Examples of limitations include genetics, culture, and many other factors. Existential therapy involves trying to resolve this conflict.[vi]

Some other approach to humanistic counseling and therapy is Gestalt therapy, which puts a focus on the here and now, especially as an opportunity to look past any preconceived notions and focus on how the present is affected past the past. Role playing also plays a large role in Gestalt therapy and allows for a truthful expression of feelings that may not have been shared in other circumstances. In Gestalt therapy, not-verbal cues are an of import indicator of how the client may actually be feeling, despite the feelings expressed.

Also part of the range of humanistic psychotherapy are concepts from depth therapy, holistic wellness, see groups, sensitivity grooming, marital and family therapies, torso piece of work, the existential psychotherapy of Medard Boss,[4] and positive psychology.[52]

Virtually recently Empathetic Communication, the rebranding of Nonviolent Communication of Marshall Rosenberg seems to be the leading border of innovation in this field because information technology is one of very few psychologies with both a simple and clear model of the human psyche and a simple and clear methodology, suitable for any 2 persons to address and resolve interpersonal disharmonize without expert intervention, a start in the field.[ commendation needed ]

George Kelly'southward humanistic theory is based on Fundamental Postulate, where a person acts on apprehension of futurity events. Stating that a person's actions are based on expectation of possible events and interpretation from past circumstances.[53]

Empathy and self-help [edit]

Empathy is one of the virtually important features of humanistic therapy. This thought focuses on the therapist's power to run across the globe through the eyes of the customer. Without this, therapists can be forced to employ an external frame of reference where the therapist is no longer agreement the actions and thoughts of the client as the client would, simply strictly as a therapist which defeats the purpose of humanistic therapy. Included in empathizing, unconditional positive regard is i of the key elements of humanistic psychology. Unconditional positive regard refers to the care that the therapist needs to have for the customer. This ensures that the therapist does not get the authorisation figure in the relationship allowing for a more open flow of information as well every bit a kinder relationship between the ii. A therapist practicing humanistic therapy needs to prove a willingness to mind and ensure the comfort of the patient where 18-carat feelings may be shared merely are not forced upon someone.[vi] Marshall Rosenberg, one of Carl Rogers' students, emphasizes empathy in the human relationship in his concept of Nonviolent Communication.

Self-help is as well part of humanistic psychology: Sheila Ernst and Lucy Goodison accept described using some of the main humanistic approaches in cocky-help groups.[54] Humanistic Psychology is applicable to self-aid because it is oriented towards changing the way a person thinks. One can only amend once they decide to change their means of thinking about themselves, once they decide to help themselves. Co-counselling, which is an approach based purely on self-help, is regarded every bit coming from humanistic psychology as well.[55] Humanistic theory has had a potent influence on other forms of popular therapy, including Harvey Jackins' Re-evaluation Counselling and the work of Carl Rogers, including his student Eugene Gendlin; (run across Focusing) as well as on the evolution of the Humanistic Psychodrama by Hans-Werner Gessmann since the 80s.[56]

The Platonic Self [edit]

The ideal self and real self involve understanding the bug that arise from having an idea of what yous wish y'all were as a person, and having that not match with who you actually are as a person (incongruence). The platonic self is what a person believes should be done, also as what their cadre values are. The real self is what is actually played out in life. Through humanistic therapy, an understanding of the present allows clients to add together positive experiences to their real self-concept. The goal is to have the two concepts of self become coinciding. Rogers believed that only when a therapist was able to be congruent, a real human relationship occurs in therapy. Information technology is much easier to trust someone who is willing to share feelings openly, even if it may not be what the client always wants; this allows the therapist to foster a potent relationship.[vi]

Non-pathological [edit]

Humanistic psychology tends to expect beyond the medical model of psychology in guild to open up a non-pathologizing view of the person.[50] This usually implies that the therapist downplays the pathological aspects of a person'due south life in favour of the healthy aspects. Humanistic psychology tries to be a science of man experience, focusing on the actual lived feel of persons.[4] Therefore, a key ingredient is the actual meeting of therapist and client and the possibilities for dialogue to ensue between them. The role of the therapist is to create an environs where the client can freely express any thoughts or feelings; he does not advise topics for conversation nor does he guide the chat in any mode. The therapist too does not clarify or interpret the customer's beliefs or any data the client shares. The office of the therapist is to provide empathy and to heed attentively to the customer.[half dozen]

Societal applications [edit]

[edit]

While personal transformation may exist the primary focus of most humanistic psychologists, many also investigate pressing social, cultural, and gender issues.[57] In an academic album from 2018, British psychologist Richard Firm and his co-editors wrote, "From its very beginning, Humanistic Psychology has engaged fulsomely and fearlessly with the social, cultural and political, in a way that much of mainstream scientific, 'positivistic' psychology has sought to avoid".[58] Some of the earliest writers who were associated with and inspired by psychological humanism explored socio-political topics.[4] [58] For case:

  • Alfred Adler argued that achieving a sense of community feeling is essential to human evolution.[59]
  • Medard Dominate defined health equally an openness to the globe, and unhealth as anything in the psyche or society that blocked or constricted that openness.[59]
  • Erich Fromm argued that the totalitarian impulse is rooted in people'due south fear of the uncertainties and responsibilities of freedom – and that the mode to overcome that fear is to dare to live life fully and compassionately.[60]
  • R. D. Laing analyzed the political nature of "normal", everyday experience.[61]
  • Rollo May said that people take lost their values in the modern world, and that their health and humanity depends on having the courage to forge new values advisable to the challenges of the present.[62]
  • Wilhelm Reich argued that psychological bug are frequently caused past sexual repression, and that the latter is influenced past social and political conditions – which can and should be inverse.[63]
  • Carl Rogers came to believe that political life did non have to consist of an countless series of winner-take-all battles, that it could and should consist of an ongoing dialogue among all parties. If such dialogue were characterized by respect among the parties and accurate speaking by each political party, compassionate understanding and – ultimately – mutually acceptable solutions could be reached.[64] [65]
  • Virginia Satir was convinced that her approach to family therapy would enable individuals to aggrandize their consciousness, become less fearful, and bring communities, cultures, and nations together.[66]

Relevant work was not confined to these pioneer thinkers. In 1978, members of the Clan for Humanistic Psychology (AHP) embarked on a three-yr attempt to explore how the principles of humanistic psychology could be used to further the process of positive social and political change.[67] The try included a "12-Hour Political Party", held in San Francisco in 1980, where nearly 1,400 attendees[68] discussed presentations by such non-traditional social thinkers as Ecotopia writer Ernest Callenbach, Aquarian Conspiracy author Marilyn Ferguson, Person/Planet author Theodore Roszak, and New Age Politics author Marking Satin.[69] The emergent perspective was summarized in a manifesto by AHP President George Leonard. It proffered such ideas as moving to a dull-growth or no-growth economy, decentralizing and "deprofessionalizing" society, and teaching social and emotional competencies in gild to provide a foundation for more than humane public policies and a healthier culture.[seventy]

There have been many other attempts to articulate humanistic-psychology-oriented approaches to social change. For case, in 1979 psychologist Kenneth Lux and economist Marking A. Lutz called for a new economics based on humanistic psychology rather than utilitarianism.[71] [72] Also in 1979, California state legislator John Vasconcellos published a book calling for the integration of liberal politics and humanistic-psychological insight.[73] From 1979 to 1983 the New World Alliance, a U.Southward. political organization based in Washington, D.C., attempted to inject humanistic-psychology ideas into political thinking and processes;[74] sponsors of its newsletter included Vasconcellos and Carl Rogers.[75]

In 1989 Maureen O'Hara, who had worked with both Carl Rogers and Paulo Freire, pointed to a convergence betwixt the two thinkers. According to O'Hara, both focus on developing critical consciousness of situations which oppress and dehumanize.[76] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Institute of Noetic Sciences president Willis Harman argued that significant social change cannot occur without meaning consciousness change.[77] In the 21st century, humanistic psychologists such as Edmund Bourne,[78] Joanna Macy,[79] and Marshall Rosenberg[80] connected to utilize psychological insights to social and political problems.

In improver to its uses in thinking almost social change, humanistic psychology is considered to be the master theoretical and methodological source of humanistic social work.[81] [82]

[edit]

Subsequently psychotherapy, social work is the most important beneficiary of the humanistic psychology's theory and methodology.[83] These theories accept produced a deep reform of the modernistic social work practice and theory,[84] leading, among others, to the occurrence of a particular theory and methodology: Humanistic Social Work. Almost values and principles of the humanistic social work do, described past Malcolm Payne in his book Humanistic Social Piece of work: Core Principles in Exercise, directly originate from the humanistic psychological theory and humanistic psychotherapy practice, namely creativity in human life and do, developing self and spirituality, developing security and resilience, accountability, flexibility and complexity in human life and practice.[81]

As well, the representation and approach of the client (as human being beingness) and social issue (equally homo upshot) in social work is made from the humanistic psychology position. According to Petru Stefaroi, the style humanistic representation and approach of the customer and their personality is realized is, in fact, the theoretical-axiological and methodological foundation of humanistic social work.[85]

In setting goals and the intervention activities, in order to solve social/human bug, there prevail critical terms and categories of the humanistic psychology and psychotherapy, such as: self-actualization, human potential, holistic arroyo, homo being, gratis will, subjectivity, human experience, cocky-conclusion/development, spirituality, creativity, positive thinking, client-centered and context-centered approach/intervention, empathy, personal growth, empowerment.[86] Humanistic psychology has been utilised every bit a framework for theorizing the African philosophy of Ubuntu in social work practise.[87] In addition, humanistic social work calls for the pursuit of social justice, holistic service provision, technological innovation and stewardship, dialogue and cooperation also as professional intendance and peer support during the COVID-19 pandemic.[88]

Inventiveness in corporations [edit]

Humanistic psychology'south emphasis on creativity and wholeness created a foundation for new approaches towards human being capital in the workplace stressing inventiveness and the relevance of emotional interactions. Previously the connotations of "inventiveness" were reserved for and primarily restricted to, working artists. In the 1980s, with increasing numbers of people working in the cognitive-cultural economic system, creativity came to be seen as a useful commodity and competitive border for international brands. This led to corporate creativity training in-service trainings for employees, led pre-eminently by Ned Herrmann at Chiliad.E. in the belatedly 1970s.

Concepts of humanistic psychology were embraced in instruction and social piece of work, peaking in the 1970s-1980s in North America. Yet, as with the whole language theory, preparation practices were as well superficial in most institutional settings. Though humanistic psychology raised the bar of insight and agreement of the whole person, professionally information technology is primarily proficient today past individual licensed counselors and therapists. Outside of those fields humanistic psychology provides the foundation for almost every method of Energy Medicine; but lilliputian coherence exists yet in this field to hash out it easily.

See besides [edit]

  • Buddhism and psychology
  • California Institute of Integral Studies
  • Esalen Institute
  • Gestalt Psychology
  • Gestalt Therapy
  • Humanism
  • Establish of Transpersonal Psychology
  • Internal Family Systems (IFS)
  • Nonviolent Communication
  • Organismic theory
  • Personal evolution
  • Positive psychology
  • Psychosynthesis
  • Saybrook Academy

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Farther reading [edit]

  • Arnold, Kyle. (2014). Behind the Mirror: Reflective Listening and its Tain in the Work of Carl Rogers. The Humanistic Psychologist, 42:4 354-369.
  • Bendeck Sotillos, South. (Ed.). (2013). Psychology and the Perennial Philosophy: Studies in Comparative Religion. Bloomington, IN: Earth Wisdom. ISBN 978-1-936597-xx-8.
  • Bugental, J. F. T. (Ed.). (1967). Challenges of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Bugental, J.F.T (1964). "The Tertiary Force in Psychology". Journal of Humanistic Psychology 4 (1): xix–25. doi:10.1177/002216786400400102.
  • Buhler, C., & Allen, K. (1972). Introduction to humanistic psychology. Monterey CA: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
  • Chiang, H. -K., & Maslow, A. H. (1977). The good for you personality (Second ed.). New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand Co.
  • DeCarvalho, R. J. (1991). The founders of humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.
  • Frick, West. B. (1989). Humanistic psychology: Conversations with Abraham Maslow, Gardner Murphy, Carl Rogers. Bristol, IN: Wyndham Hall Press. (Original work published 1971)
  • Fromm, E. (1955). The sane order. Oxford, England: Rinehart & Co.* Fromm, E. (1955). The sane society. Oxford, England: Rinehart & Co.
  • Gessmann, H.-Due west. (2012). Humanistic Psychology and Humanistic Psychodrama. - Гуманистическая психология и гуманистическая психодрама. Москва - jurpsy.ru/lib/books/id/25808.php
  • Gunn, Jacqueline Simon; Arnold, Kyle; Freeman, Erica. (2015). The Dynamic Cocky Searching for Growth and Actuality: Karen Horney'due south Contribution to Humanistic Psychology. The Forum of the American University of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 59: 2 xx-23.
  • Human Potentialities: The Challenge and the Promise. (1968). Human being potentialities: The challenge and the hope. St. Louis, MO: WH Green.
  • Schneider, Kirk J.; Bugental, James F.T.; Pierson, J. Fraser (2001). The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology. Sage. ISBN0761921214.
  • Kress, Oliver (1993). "A new approach to cognitive development: ontogenesis and the process of initiation". Evolution and Cognition 2(4): 319-332.
  • Maddi, Due south. R., & Costa, P. T. (1972). Humanism in personology: Allport, Maslow, and Murray. Chicago, IL: Aldine·Atherton.
  • Misiak, H., & Sexton, V. South. J. A. (1973). Phenomenological, existential, and humanistic psychologies: A historical survey. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton.
  • Moss, D. (1999). Humanistic and transpersonal psychology: A historical and biographical sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Moustakas, C. Due east. (1956). The self: Explorations in personal growth. Harper & Row.
  • Murphy, G. (1958). Human being potentialities. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Nevill, D. D. (1977). Humanistic psychology: New frontiers. New York, NY: Gardner Press .
  • Otto, H. A. (1968). Human potentialities: The claiming and the promise. St. Louis, MO: WH Green.
  • Rogers, CR, Lyon, HC Jr, Tausch, R: (2013) On Becoming an Constructive Teacher - Person-centered teaching, psychology, philosophy, and dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4
  • Rowan, John (2001). Ordinary Ecstasy: The Dialectics of Humanistic Psychology (third ed.). Brunner-Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23633-9
  • Russon, John Edward (2003). Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life (pbk. ed.). Country Academy of New York Press. ISBN9780791457542.
  • Schneider, K., Bugental, J. F. T., & Pierson, J. F. (2001). The handbook of humanistic psychology: Leading edges in theory, research, and practice. London: SAGE.
  • Schneider, K.J., ed (2008). Existential-integrative Psychotherapy: Guideposts to the Cadre of Practice. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-95471-6
  • Severin, F. T. (1973). Discovering human in psychology: A humanistic approach. New York, NY: McGraw-Colina.
  • Singh, J. (1979). The humanistic view of man. New Delhi, Republic of india: Indian Found of Public Administration.
  • Sutich, A. J., & Vich, Grand. A. (Eds.). (1969). Readings in humanistic psychology. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Welch, I., Tate, Chiliad., & Richards, F. (Eds.). (1978). Humanistic psychology: A source book. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
  • Zucker, R. A., Rabin, A. I., Aronoff, j., & Frank, S. (Eds.). (1992). Personality structure in the life course. New York, NY: Springer.

External links [edit]

  • [2]
  • Association for Humanistic Psychology
  • Society for Humanistic Psychology, Segmentation 32 of the American Psychological Association
  • University of West Georgia's Humanistic Psychology Program Archived 2019-10-17 at the Wayback Car
  • All almost Humanistic Psychology Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Auto

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology

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